Dna is often compared to a twisted ladder. in this analogy, what forms the rungs of the dna ladder

The shape of DNA is a double helix which is like a ladder. The rungs of the ladder are pairs of 4 types of nitogen bases. The four types are: thymines, adenines, guanines, cytosines. Adenine and thymine will only bond together and guasine and cytosine will only bond together.

Ithink it’s around 500 million or something. kinda scary honestly but that’s just my opinion.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein