This information demonstrates how ? ?

The correct answer is option C, Scientific theories are often modified , but they are not usually discarded

Democritius claimed that atom is made of simple parts (400 BC)

Joseph Thompson in 1897, discovered electrons. He didn't violated the facts of Democritius but just strengthened the facts with further discovery.

While in the next stage Neil's Bohr, Further strengthened the fact of of Thompson by clearly defining the placement of electron and proton.

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure

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