Read the passage from the article "Tweed Days in St. Louis” by Lincoln Steffens, 1902. The corruption of St. Louis came from the top. The best citizens—the merchants and big financiers—used to rule the town, and they ruled it well. They set out to outstrip Chicago. . . . Along about 1890, public franchises and privileges were sought, not only for legitimate profit and common convenience, but for loot. . . . From the Assembly, bribery spread into other departments. Men empowered to issue peddlers‘ licenses and permits to citizens who wished to erect awnings or use a portion of the sidewalk for storage purposes charged an amount in excess of the prices stipulated by law, and pocketed the difference. The city’s money was loaned at interest, and the interest was converted into private bank accounts. City carriages were used by the wives and children of city officials. Supplies for public institutions found their way to private tables; one itemized account of food furnished the poorhouse included California jellies, imported cheeses, and French wines!

Effects of articles like this one led to which of the following reforms, especially in Western states?

passage of the sixteenth and seventeenth amendments
state control of industries and utilities
passage of consumer protection legislation
adoption of systems of professional municipal management