A recent experiment tested the hypothesis, "Listening to music while studying decreases test scores." One group listened to music while they studied and one group did not listen to any music while they studied.

What would the indepent variable be? The dependent?

For review 1. in terms of which government is sovereign, differentiate among a unitary system, a confed- eral system, and a federal system of government. 2. to which level of government does the constitution distribute the enumerated po implied powers? concurrent powers? reserved powers? provide several power. 3. what matters fall within the scope of state sovereignty? differentiate among dual federalism, cooperative federalism, centralized federalism, and conflicted federalism. how does the national government use grants-in-aid, mandates, and preemption to direct the policy of state and local governments? 6. what do we mean by intergovernmental relations? why is the term a good description of u. s. federalism today? 7. list several advantages and several disadvantages of a federal system.