At a large high school, 40% of a random sample of male students have an overall grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 or higher. A random sample of female student records finds that 45% have a GPA of 3.0 or higher. The principal of the high school wants to determine whether there is evidence of a difference in grades between males and females. What would he write as the null and alternative hypotheses for this situation? a. H0:p1 − p2 = 0 and Ha:p1 − p2 > 0
b. H0:p1 − p2 = 0 and Ha:p1 − p2 < 0
c. H0:p1 − p2 > 0 and Ha:p1 − p2 = 0
d. H0:p1 − p2 > 0 and Ha:p1 − p2 ≠ 0
e. H0:p1 − p2 = 0 and Ha:p1 − p2 ≠ 0