1. What is “the expanding circle”? Explain what the title means. 2. Singer argues for both a biologically-based and a rationally-based ethics. How does he do this? Explain.

3. Singer argues that reason can help move us beyond the dictates of our genes. How does he do this? Explain.

4. Singer ties together biology, reason, egoism, and utilitarianism. How does he do this? Explain.

5. Singer argues that altruism serves as a biological basis for ethics. What does he mean by this? Discuss types of altruism and how they serve as the basis of ethics.

6. Singer uses Kohlberg's developmental theory and Westermarck's theory to support his own theory. What are these theories and how do they support his theory?

like many students at university, you may be unhappy about the results you attain in exams. you may feel that even with all you are doing there must be something more -- or different-- you could be doing to get better grades. we have all at some time or other heard of that student who only studies a couple of hours for final exams and scores a's every time. we stand in awe of those who seem to breeze through without undue effort and seem to need very little in the way of studying to nail an exam. the reasons for success, in what i think are the vast majority of cases, are less esoteric than many students think: successful students consistently apply a series of productive strategies with view to attaining clearly identified learning and grade goals throughout the academic term.

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