3. Despite different methods of ranking cities, which cities tend to typically prove to be "dominant" in the urban hierarchy? Which regions primarily have high numbers of cities
in the higher rankings of the urban hierarchy? (4 pts)

Offering career academies in high schools has become more popular during the past 30 years because they students prepare for work and postsecondary education. a principal at a large high school with a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (stem) academy is interested in determining whether the status of a student is associated with level of participation in advanced placement (ap) courses. student status is categorized as (1) stem for students in the stem program or (2) regular. a simple random sample of 200 students in the high school was taken and each student was asked two questions: are you in the stem academy? in how many ap courses are you currently enrolled? the responses of the 200 students are summarized in the table. level of participation in advanced placement (ap) courses student status stem regular total no ap courses 17 31 48 one ap course 38 70 108 two or more ap courses 20 24 44 total 75 125 200 part a: is participating in two or more ap courses independent of student status?