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The No Child Left Behind Act was a grant program enacted in 2002 that directed testing elementary and secondary students in math and reading proficiency. This act required states to create, fund, and implement programs that would help all students become proficient in these areas by 2014. After reading the scenario, respond to A, B, and C below:

(A) Describe a power Congress could use to address the information outlined in the scenario.

(B) In the context of the scenario, explain how the power described in Part A can be affected by perspectives on one of the foundational principles of U. S. government.

(C) In the context of the scenario, explain how the foundational principle in Part B affects the structure and function of the federal government.

answer:

The No Child Left Behind law—the 2002 update of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act—effectively scaled up the federal role in holding schools accountable for student outcomes.

In December 2015, Congress passed the Every Student Succeeds Act to replace NCLB. ESSA moved in the opposite direction—it seeks to pare back the federal role in K-12 education. For more information on ESSA, read this explainer. See also our full coverage of ESSA and what it means for states and school districts.

NCLB was the product of a collaboration between civil rights and business groups, as well as both Democrats and Republicans on Capitol Hill and the Bush administration, which sought to advance American competitiveness and close the achievement gap between poor and minority students and their more advantaged peers. Since 2002, it’s had an outsized impact on teaching, learning, and school improvement—and become increasingly controversial with educators and the general public.

Here are a few frequently asked questions about the law, its history, and its policy implications.

What is ESEA?

President Lyndon B. Johnson, seated with his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney, delivers remarks after signing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act on April 11, 1965 at the former Junction Elementary School near Stonewall, Texas.

President Lyndon B. Johnson, seated with his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney, delivers remarks after signing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act on April 11, 1965 at the former Junction Elementary School near Stonewall, Texas. —Frank Wolfe/The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library-File

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was part of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society program. Passed in 1965, it created a clear role for the federal government in K-12 policy, offering more than $1 billion a year in aid under its first statutory section, known as Title I, to districts to help cover the cost of educating disadvantaged students. The law has been reauthorized and changed more than half a dozen times since that initial legislation. And, for the most part, each new iteration has sought to expand the federal role in education.

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