Urgent! a drug researcher could avoid risking human health in tests of new drugs by
a) applying the new drugs to cultures of human cells and observing the effects.
b) using computers to select and notify potential subjects for tests on the new drugs.
c) conducting a trial on patients, using only very small dosages and short lengths of exposure to the new drugs.
d) only testing the new drugs on volunteer subjects who have tried all available treatments with no success.

A drug researcher could avoid risking human health in tests of new drugs by only testing the new drugs on volunteer subjects who have tried all available treatments with no success.

Option D

Explanation:

A common ethical issue that receives little attention is the development of new drugs. All new drugs will be tested with volunteers. Of course, it is not possible for tests to know the risk in advance, because that is what they are trying to determine. This situation is only taken acceptable if volunteers give informed consent.

However, many of the drugs currently under development have little clinical benefit over those already treated. Many of them can easily be developed to create a patented variant of an existing drug.

This may not happen if the study drug does not bring new benefits to subjects, or if the drug does not bring significant benefits to everyone because it is surely a replica of an existing drug. The risk taken by research participants and to some extent by consumers when developing these drugs was not due to science but to market share.